Limites e possibilidades da formação de conceitos de astronomia na perspectiva do ensino desenvolvimental

Abstract

This research is about the analysis of a formative didactic experiment, which was developed in the form of an astronomy course, being applied in basic education with students of the Integral Integrated Technical course in buildings of a public school in the city of Jataí. investigate and present the contributions of a didactic formative experiment on astronomy for the formation of concepts from the perspective of Davydov developmental teaching. During this experiment, concepts related to astronomy phenomena such as seasons of the year, lunar and solar eclipses, phases and visible side of the Moon were worked with the students. de Davydov, being necessary initially to carry out a historical logical study on the phenomena that would be addressed in order to find the core concepts, then the tasks were elaborated, applied and analyzed. Regarding the application process of the formative experiment, it had two participants and two teaching units, the first containing two classes and the second containing five, each lasting 90 min. In the process of data collection for analysis, it was done through observation of the teacher and researcher, video recording and through the written tasks performed by the students. The analysis of transcribed audiovisual records began with the identification of learning actions and the movement of ascension from the abstract to the concrete, investigating possible signs of generalization and formation of concepts. The resulting product of this work is a formative didactic experiment, which aims to provide basic education teachers with a tool for teaching astronomy, which can, as far as possible, be adapted to the reality of each school. The results obtained indicated that the students were able to carry out the generalization process of general concepts (rotation and translation) by applying these concepts to solve particular tasks, such as the phases of the Moon, eclipse, seasons and visible side of the Moon. of a particular situation to which the general concept is applied, which implies a process of ascension from the abstract to the concrete, which characterizes the formation of the concept, therefore, there are indications that such an event took place. Furthermore, the results show the ability to establish connections between the various concepts that were presented to the students. Finally, the study pointed out a methodology that can foster new methodological possibilities for improving basic education.