Incidência de manifestações patológicas: estudo de caso em imóvel residencial unifamiliar da cidade de Anápolis-GO

Abstract

Building engineering has its origins in the early days of humanity when, in need of protection, people sought shelter in caves or constructed rudimentary shelters based on their empirical knowledge and experiences. As civilizations formed and humanity continued to develop, there was an increase in the construction of buildings to meet the population's demands as well as the requirements and desires of the users, who began to demand increasingly modern and technologically advanced housing. Despite efforts to acquire knowledge and constantly evolve construction techniques, buildings still suffer from numerous pathological manifestations, which can have various causes. These issues can arise from the conception and design stage, through execution, and even during the use and occupation phase, presenting various triggering mechanisms. Pathological manifestations can result in significant problems such as loss of performance and functionality of the building, reduced project lifespan, and risks to users, the environment, and the heritage. Therefore, various regulations and codes of conduct have been developed and implemented in the construction industry to promote a higher standard of quality in construction projects in general. It has become essential for professionals and companies in the field to have a deep understanding of the pathologies that affect buildings today. Studies on this topic have become extremely relevant as they enable more accurate identification of causes, origins, and symptoms of a pathological manifestation, leading to more appropriate and economically viable decision-making. They also assist professionals in developing tools and methods capable of minimizing or avoiding such occurrences. This study allows for the association of information described in the literature with the interferences observed in a case study, identifying pathological manifestations, their probable causes, origins, and possible solutions. In addition to preliminary studies, visual and sensory inspections, and photographic records, complementary tests were conducted to evaluate the progression and activity of cracks in strategic points. Efforts were also made to quantify and assess the overall incidence of manifestations in each environment, as well as to classify them according to anomalies and failures, risk levels, and usage conditions. During the analysis, it was found that the most common occurrences of pathological problems are related to moisture, accounting for approximately 55% of the total, followed by cracks, which represent around 41%. It was also observed that endogenous anomalies accounted for 56%, while planning failures accounted for 70%. Regarding the risk level of the environments, 57% were classified as critical, and 43% were classified as medium, with some already leaning towards the critical level. These indicators demonstrate a significant compromise of the building's integrity.