Uma abordagem de Resolução de Problemas como subsídio na construção de projetos de ensino de Matemática que visem preparar estudantes para o ENEM

Abstract

The aim of this work was to understand how a problem-solving approach could contribute to the pedagogical training of high school math teachers, in order to help them build math teaching projects aimed at preparing students for the ENEM. In order to achieve this goal, we consider it necessary to understand the role of Problem Solving in the pedagogical context; verify how public high school math teachers are preparing students for the ENEM; identify the main difficulties encountered by 3rd year high school students when solving ENEM questions; select math questions from two ENEM selection processes, observing which Problem Solving Strategies would be efficient for solving the questions in these selection processes; to develop an educational product, materialized in a pedagogical training course for high school math teachers, with the aim of presenting and discussing Problem Solving Strategies and, based on them, building math teaching projects aimed at preparing students for the ENEM. The theoretical basis for this work was Polya (2006), Allevato (2004), Onuchic (1999), Posamentier and Krulik (2015), Tardif (2014), Nóvoa (1995), Libâneo (2016), Fiorentini, Nacarato and Pinto (1999), among others. This research had a qualitative approach of the pedagogical intervention type, and observation, field notes, audio recordings and transcriptions, photographs and individual and collective interviews were used as data production techniques. As a result, we observed the need for courses that value the knowledge produced by teachers in the school environment, so that they are seen as subjects who have special knowledge built up in complex and adverse situations, which needs to be revitalized and re-signified. In addition, the results point to the importance of an in-depth understanding of the Problem Solving approach, not only to improve the teaching of mathematics, but also to prepare students more effectively for academic and social challenges.